汉语译成英语时,同样要注意英汉两种语言的差异,要照顾译入语(target language)的用语习惯。因此,在汉译英的过程中要注意词义的选择、引申、褒贬以及词性的转换。在翻译汉语句式时,需要使用增词法、减词法拆分法、融合法、转换词性、调整句子等各种手段。在应试中,考生应尽量找出题目中的考查点,并使用熟悉的词汇或结构进行翻译。英译汉的常见翻译手法如下:
某些汉语句型与英语句型类似或相同,翻译时通常采用对应法,即原文是什么句型译文就用什么句型。
1)假如你不来,我就去看你。
[翻译]If you don't' come here, I will go to visit you.
2)孩子们跟在老师后面玩起了捉迷藏。
[翻译]The children went behind their teacher to play hide and seek.
3)昨天下午,我碰巧遇见一位老同事。
[翻译]Yesterday afternoon, I happened to meet an old workmate.
由于汉、英两种语言表达方式不同,汉语多用动词,而英语多用名词和介词,所以翻译时不能简单地对译,而是要改变原文句子成分的词类以符合英语的表达习惯。这就是改译法
1)他提醒我们要注意身体。
[翻译]He warned us to take care of ourselves.
2)我们相信他是诚实的。
[翻译]We are in belief of his honesty.
3)他们赞成这个建议,但是我们反对。
[翻译]They are for the suggestion, but we are against.
汉、英两种语言在语法结构及语言文化上有较大差异,因此,在进行汉英翻译时,需要作必要的语法形式的扩充和语义表达的增补,这就是增译法。
1)语法上的扩充
汉语习惯省略句子主语,没有系动词和冠词,也没有完全像形式主语或形式宾语那样的向型,而且连词,介词使用较少。根据汉语的这些特点,在进行汉译英时必须根据需要把省略的的部分加上。
(1我想知道你是否完成了任务。
[翻译]11 wonder wheher you have fnised your ask (补充定语)
(2我向他说明我是能成功的。
[翻译]I made it clear to him that can make it. (补充形式宾语)
(3)熊猫是濒临灭绝的动物。
[翻译]The panda iS an endangered species. (补充冠词)
(4) 他一直坚持自己的主张。
[翻译]He insists on his point of view all the time. (补充介词)
(5)他不来信,我也不会给他写信。
[翻译]I won' 't write to him unless he writes first. (补充连词)
2)语义上的补充
语义上的补充是指对汉语文化中独有的、不易为外国人所理解的事物,用加解释性文字的方法进行翻译。
(1)这人真是杞人忧天
[翻译]He is nearly, like the man of Qi who was haunted by the fear that the sky might fllunnecessary anxiety.
(2)许多商店开展"买一赠一"的活动
[翻译]Many store provide sevice of "Buy One Get One Fee
省译法是指为了使英文翻译符合英语语言的规范,省略汉语行文中的多余词语,以使英语译文更加流畅自然。
1)司马昭之心,路人皆知。
[翻译]The lli' desig is ovios.(省略主语)
2)你们所需要的是快速的进步,而不是慢慢的进步。
[翻译] You need rapidrogress,seatslow. (省略"进步"二字)
汉泽英时,为使汉语句子符合英语的表达习惯,经常需要调整语序°
1调整疑问句与某些倒装句的语序
(1}我能在这儿坐会儿吗?
[翻译] Can I sit here for while?
(2)他只有全神贯注地工作,才能忘记烦恼。
[翻译]Only by fcusig his aetio on his work could he foret his own toubles
2)调整状语、定语、形式主语、形式宾语的位置
(1)通向山顶的路泥泞不堪。
[翻译] The road which leads to the mountaintop is very muddy.
(2)好的建议,谁来提都无关紧要。
[翻译] If the sugesto is avisble, it dosn't matter who gives it.
(3)我一回家就给你打电话。
[翻译]I will call you as soon as I go back home.
3)调整某些表达习惯不同的短语
(1)老人也好,年轻人也好,都应定期体检以便了解自身的健康状况。
[翻译] People, young or old, should take physical examinations at regular intervals SO as to knowtheir own health.
(2)不管晴天雨天,比赛准时进行。
[翻译] Rain or shine, the match will go on time.
(3)我和她同岁。
[翻译] She and I are of the same age.
如前所述,英语中的被动语态使用频繁,而汉语中很少直接出现"被"等词。因此,在翻译时,要注意把汉语中含的被动意思翻译出来。
1)这座桥将在今年年底建成。
[翻译] The construction of the bridge will be completed by the end of this year.
2)自然光或者"白光"实际上是由许多种颜色组成的。
[翻译] Natural light or“white”light is actually made up of many colors.
3)必须指出,有些问题还需要澄清。
[翻译] It must be pointed out that some questions have yet to be clarified.
4)他的房子坐落在城市边缘。
[翻译] His house is located on the edge of the city.
在汉译英过程中,汉语中有些否定词不必译出,有些肯定形式却要译作否定这就是正反对译法。
我还没来得及拦住她,她就向大家宣布了这个消息。
[翻译] Before I could stop her, she shouted the news to everyone
2)当时的女孩子没有受教育的机会。
[翻译] Girls were denied the chance to receive education at that time
3)他全力以赴地帮助穷人。
[翻译] He spared no efforts to help the poor.